You adapt to changes in color in two ways, one is the purely mechanical way your cones are excited, the other is how your brain processes visual information.
You do get an imprint of the negative colors of the screen in your eyes, if your sceen is bright enough your brain will not filter out that imprint. But the thing is your brain magnifies the importance of the screen, while it actually takes up a small portion of your visual field. So only a small rectangle is tinted towards blue, and when you look at the screen, it naturally perfectly overlays the screen. When you look at something else in the world, it is still only that small rectangle at the center of your vision that is tinted blue. If the screen isn’t very bright before looking away, your brain corrects the colors to match the surrounding visual information.
Compare this with wearing orange tinted sunglasses, which takes up almost your entire field of vision, when taking them off, now the entire world looks bluish.
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