tldr: everyone
Most government debt is in the form of bonds which are short term fixed loans.
The biggest holders of bonds are actually average people.
If you have any savings in a pension or mutual fund there’s a good chance you own bonds and therefore a small part of government debt.
Foreign countries and companies will also buy bonds because it’s a safe investment and good way to hold onto reserves of foreign currency.
Government debt therefore is the backbone of the savings and loans industry.
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