A preservative is just a substance that helps preserve food, stopping it to go stale, rot, etc.
Some substances are bad for you some are not. Some may be naturally occuring, some may be artificial. There is no deciding factor as to what makes them bad, we just had to study them and see.
Food additives are some of the most studied chemicals in the world. There are vast sets of regulations that judge what are safe and appropriate levels to balance the benefit of preservation versus the potential health impact. And over time, scientific understanding can change leading to changes in regulations.
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