Sheriff’s deputies are the county police, basically, and also they run the county jail. So there’s a lot of overlap with the police but basically police are in charge of cities and towns, sheriffs are in charge of the unincorporated areas of the county and the county jail. Most cities (AFAIK) don’t have a jail of their own or only have a few holding cells, so they’ll take you straight to county.
Also the Sheriff is an elected position.
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