Bachelors. You learned the basics about a lot of subjects and a few high level things from a select few, ie your major.
Masters. You learned a lot of high level things from a very few specific subjects. And typically did a big thesis project, ie in depth review on a very specific thing.
PHD. You actually did novel research and added to the total body of knowledge for your very specific field. You didn’t just learn everything there is to know. You added something new for everyone else to learn.
This cartoon explains it well visually:
https://matt.might.net/articles/phd-school-in-pictures/
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