They can’t look at a bullet and see a serial number or something on it of the gun that fired it, but what they can do is compare the markings on a bullet found at a crime scene and one fired from a suspected murder weapon to see if there’s a match. But they need to have the suspected gun present to make that comparison. So the police might have a suspect, who owns a gun of the same type that the murder was committed with (same kind of bullets) so they get a warrant to test that suspect’s gun to see if it matches the crime scene
Or they can look at a database of bullets that have been analyzed from prior crimes and say with some certainty that this new bullet was fired by the same gun used in X crime all those years ago, or whatever.
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