720p and 1080p speak to the pixel density. The number of lines or rows of pixels are in the screen or video horizontally. The higher that number, the clearer and sharper the image. It’s a bit more complicated than that, but this is the basics.
The quality you see is the lower one between the camera it was recorded with, and the screen you display it with. If the camera was recording 720p, even a good screen can’t magically turn it into 1080p. The same way, a 720p monitor can’t show the full quality of a 1080p video.
Newer screens (4k and 8k especially) often have software that slightly improves the quality. So if a 1080p screen had this, a 720p video would look better than 720p, but not quite 1080p.
Frame rates are separate from this. Low frame rates make a video look choppy and unnatural. The higher the refresh rate, the more fluid the video looks.
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