An operational amplifier (op amp) is a very high gain amplifier. They are used to to amplify very small signals into much more usable signals.
A good example is a seismometer. Some seismometers are simple a long weighted lever suspended by a spring. Attached to the lever is a small permanent magnet suspended in a coiled wire winding. Tiny earth movments causes the lever and its magnet to move by minuscule amounts. The magnet’s movement induces tiny electrical currents in the the wire coil. These currents are far too small to directly measure. So an op amp is used to amplify these tiny currents into a much larger signals that a micro-controller can measure.
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