To answer the second question, you are putting the good battery and the dead battery in parallel using the jumper cables. This will cause 12 volts to appear across the terminals of the dead battery, and allow you to start the other car. (A charging current will also flow *through* the dead battery during this time, but the good battery can supply that no problem.)
Once the other car is running, it’s own alternator will put 12 volts across its dead battery, and hopefully charge it.
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