Look at [this gif](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Circle_cos_sin.gif)
As something goes around in a circle, *cosine* measures the way the x-component (horizontal location) of the thing changes as it moves around the circle, and *sine* measures the way the y-component (vertical location) of the thing changes as it moves around the circle.
Sine and Cosine measure the two components of circular motion.
*Tangent* is just *sine*/*cosine*
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