Ratios. In a right triangle, sine is the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse, cosine is the length of the adjacent side divided by the length of the hypotenuse, and tangent is the length of the opposite side divided by the adjacent side.
That seems like it would be kind of pointless to do, but if you draw a circle, and use the hypotenuse as a radius, sine and cosine essentially translate polar coordinates (angle and distance) into Cartesian coordinates (x, y).
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