Language is much more than just speaking and writing. Anything that can be used to communicate is a language – so grunts, facial expressions, body posture, etc, are all aspects of language.
I don’t have this exactly, but I like the definition that consciousness or the sense of self is being able to 1) create a fictional world, 2) place oneself in it, and 3) observe from a 3rd party perspective.
One of the really interesting theories in this regard is the Bicameral Mind. I know this is a controversial theory, but it makes for a very good mental exercise in thinking about consciousness.
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