Very similarly to how your home internet dsl or cable modem talks to the internet – someone has strung (or buried) a physical line from your house, down the street, across town to your ISP, and from there out to the fiber optic lines and very fast switches that are the backbone of the internet.
In the case of a cell system, either the carrier already owns poles, lines or buried trunk cables and can just piggyback on their existing wired infrastructure or they lease it from someone else who has already done the hard work. Its been a while since I’ve been in the field so maybe this isn’t done anymore but it is also possible to setup microwave links between nodes/cells (in Canada the long distance phone network used to be all microwave based), but Im not sure that’s any better than just running a cable these days. Maybe for more physically remote or inaccessible cells.
Along the way there’s all sorts of rack cabinets, switches, repeaters, routers etc. But its all just one big network.
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