The reason the bridge gets icy first is due to a number of factors. The ground is a massive sink of heat, in comparison a bridge does not. The smaller volume makes it a lot easier to heat or cool. The bridge has the additional surface area of its sides and bottom. Things with greater surface area will cool and heat faster than some thing of the same volume, imagine waffles vs a cake.
The points to consider are its volume, area and stored energy.
There may be additional information that I have not covered. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask.
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