What exactly do you want explained? How they work? Everything is wired to a central processor (the actual alarms, fire call points, smoke & heat detectors, sprinkler systems, other extinguishing agents or systems etc). If the smoke and/or heat detectors are tripped or if someone activates a call point, the alarm sounds.
They are powered by the mains just like everything else in the building, usually with a standby battery that is also charged from the mains so that in the event of a power outage, the alarm systems can still function.
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