You have different sensors for heat and smoke, which are connected to a central unit.
If a detector sees some signs for a fire, this will be send to the central unit which decide if it is a fire and what to do.
Most likely an alarm horn and light will go on, maybe the fire department will be automatically called.
Often you have also stuff like disabling elevators (after driving them in the lowest floor), closing fire protection doors, shutting off flammable gases and electrical applicances.
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