An ultrasound uses pulses of sound waves to image the tissue and other structures within the body. Those pulses are tuned to travel through flesh and don’t travel well through air, so there needs to be something between the transducer and the skin to carry the waves. That is what the jelly is for, it is a medium which is designed to carry those waves well.
The particular ingredients of ultrasound jelly vary but they are usually composed mainly of propylene glycol.
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