Basically, knowing something is wrong, but doing it anyway. You see it a lot with smoking (I know it is unhealthly, but I still smoke) or diet (I know I need to lose weight, but I keep eating junk). It can also apply to things like peer pressure or doing something illegal at work.
It might help to break down the words; cognition is basically understanding / awareness and dissonance is basically two things not working together. So you understand something isn’t right but do the wrong thing anyway.
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