Just different speeds the air vibrates as sound to your ear.
And how they sound together depends on their ratios of how many times each note has made a complete “cycle”, which is just the length of its wave.
The simpler ratios sound more “harmonic” and the more complex ratios sound more “dissonant”.
3:4, 1:2, 2:3, these are all very simply ratios. Play notes with those ratios like a C with F and you get 3:4. The C cycles 3 times and the F cycles 4 times. How neat. C with G gives an even cleaner 2:3. But play a C with the key in between F and G, and the ratio is a brutal 32:45.
Each key is tuned to be its own frequency, plus does other frequencies that that give it “character” (what makes a sound sound like its own instrument). This is also called timbre (pronounced tamber). And that frequency corresponds to a “note”, Do, Re, Mi, etc. but actually C, D, E, or whatever.
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