Honestly, there is no Eli5 because medical science does not know the answer to this. You will get a lot of answers saying “it raises levels of dopamine” and such, but the truth is that, like with most psychiatric disorders, nobody has a good scientific understanding of what causes ADHD. We have empirical knowledge of what adderall and similar stimulants do at the level of neurotransmission activity – so yes, dopamine and norepinephrine probably play a key role – but we have no consensus theories as to why those neurochemical effects alleviate ADHD.
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