They were a bad solution to arming a submarine, but at the time, it was the best technology we had for doing so with the doctrine of naval warfare at the time.
The answer was using corrosion resistant steel and lots of very thick grease to cover the inside of the barrel to form a barrier to seawater to keep it from getting to the exposed metal inside the barrel.
There are a lot of reasons that subs have stopped carrying deck guns and rely on torpedoes and missiles now.
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