I’m sure people will have better answers, but essentially:
1) anchor type is used based on ground type to address this
2) they do sometimes, you can get them out by maneuvering the ship to pull on the anchor in different directions to dislodge it
3) sometimes (mostly smaller ships) you just cut it free
4) sea beds where it’s shallow enough to anchor aren’t usually riddled with large rocks, and Anchorages are chosen for considerations like bottom type
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