Eli5: How can our ears distinguish between different frequencies/instruments played on a vinyl record?

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A vinyl record is a copy of a musical recording. How can a series of grooves or channels cut into a peice of vinly medium reproduce different instruments and sounds precisely to our ears? Apologies if this is this more of a medical question or sound engineering question. I understand how the music is cut and transferred to a vinyl medium but how do we know it’s a piano vs a distorted guitar? How can these primative grooves hold such information or does every soundwave hold that specific information? A digital stream or even a cassette tape makes more sense than how a vinly disc plays back music of different genres.

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When a vinyl record is played, the grooves on the disc contain precise information about the different instruments and sounds

As the needle follows the grooves, it vibrates and produces specific frequencies that our ears can distinguish, allowing us to identify different instruments and genres of music

It’s fascinating how these primitive grooves can hold such detailed information!

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