eli5, How can you tell if a gun is unjammed without shooting it?

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There are several different types of jams. There’s the “double feed” where the extractor fails to extract the spent cartridge and the bolt tries to load the next round into the already occupied chamber. This can be observed because the bolt won’t close all the way. This jam is easily cleared.

The “stove pipe” is when the extractor extracts the spent cartridge and ejector ejects it, but the bolt closes before the cartridge exits the ejection port. This can be observed because the spent cartridge will be sticking out the ejection port like a “stove pipe” This jam is easily cleared.

Then there’s the “squib load” where a bullet had too little powder in it and the bullet doesn’t have enough energy to exit the barrel. An experienced shooter can usually detect a squib load because it will be quieter and less recoil. Squib loads are rare as long as you use good quality factory ammo. Squib loads usually come from cheap ammo or ammo that has been reloaded by somebody. To clear a squib load the gun must be taken apart and then you ram a dowel rod through the barrel and hammer the bullet out

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