For a real short and sweet answer:
The company that makes those glasses have a whole webpage about it:
https://enchroma.com/pages/how-enchroma-glasses-work
Basically, popular forms of colorblindness is because they have something wrong with their eyes and the transition between red/green/blue colors is messed up, these glasses block out those transition zones (wavelengths), and since many objects are 1 exact color wavelength, blocking out the more red-ish aspects allows you to see the more green-ish aspects, and vice versa.
So it doesn’t let them actually see the colors they couldn’t, but by blocking certain wavelengths it actually shifts the hues to colors they can see.
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