Eli5 How did ancient cities/settlements in inhospitable climates (I.e. the Sahara, the arctic circle etc) survive?
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Well there weren’t large settlements in either the Sahara or Arctic. Small communities could survive but any kind of large settlement needed a river. The Tigris and Euphrates for Mesopotamia. The Nile for Egypt. The Medjerda for Carthage and so on. No river no agriculture. No agriculture no city.
As for north? Well even today St. Petersburg is the northernmost city of substantial size and it was deliberately founded in the early 1700s as a port that would be accessible year round and it is in no way self-sufficient.
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