Did people literally just draw thousands of pictures that looked almost identical and then they stitched them together, like a flip book? How did they do it, and how was it even remotely cost-effective and worth the effort?
That’s more or less how it worked, yes. This is one of the reasons the cartoons of the early 20th Century were so short. For longer works, the “main” animators would only draw certain key frames, and they’d outsource the other frames to studios where labor was cheaper.
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