A lot of the time it’s as simple as the fact that we know certain items were certain colors. Army’s been using the same green paint for decades, we know what color that tank should be, what color that piece of gear was, we know the sky is blue, and we can guesstimate shades based on the shade of gray it appears in B&W.
Essentially, by coloring in every single frame of the original black-and-white film. Obviously we can infer what some colors are (the sky is blue, grass is green, etc.) but for lots of things it will just be educated guesses.
Early colorized films, like some of Georges Méliès’ works, were literally painted in by hand. Of course, nowadays we have computers and software and AI that can do some of the work for us, but that’s still what it comes down to.
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