If you are counting cards, you know when the deck favors the player and when it favors the house. When the deck favors the house you shouldn’t bet a lot of money. When the deck favors the player you should bet a lot of money.
So the answer to your question is they know when you swing your bets around and suddenly go from betting peanuts to making a series of large bets.
The casinos also know the odds of you winning, so if you win too much they can assume you are counting. For card counters, they just need to shuffle the shoe more often so you don’t have an advantage. But if you keep winning for some reason they can kick you out without evidence.
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