There is a small drop in voltage across an extension cable. No common cable is a perfect conductor, they always have some resistance, and that resistance will increase as length increases, wasting power. But it’s not nearly enough to affect something like the charging speed of a phone unless you measure it very carefully. Not for any cable you can buy somewhere you’d actually be shopping.
The primary threat of extension cords, if anything, is simply that they can be tripped over. Or, if you live in the United States in particular, that [not all of them may be built to safely withstand the maximum current of your wall sockets](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_q-xnYRugQ). The latter could (in theory) cause it to overheat and cause a fire without triggering safety mechanisms.
Latest Answers