A metal material that conducts heat very well is placed on the *Thing* that needs cooling. The material looks like a solid panel with multiple “fins” on top.
The heat travels through the panel and up into the fins making the whole thing around the same temperature. A fan blows on the fins, which cools them down via convection, and that temperature reduction travels back through the panel, which cools the *Thing* via conduction.
Alternatively, water, or some other liquid, can be used in place of a fan to cool the fins. Moving liquid utilizes conduction, which is much quicker than convection at transferring heat.
Basically, you’re moving some heat to the outside of the *Thing* so that it can be cooled down, which transfers some cooling back to the *Thing*.
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