Eli5 How do hidden object optical illusion pictures work?

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My mom has a picture in her room with a crazy optical illusion design. Everybody says they see a picture of Jesus on the cross but I’ve never seen it in 25 years. I’ve never been able to see any objects in those hidden object pictures. I think everyone who says they can see those are full of it.

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Think about how our eyes gauge distance. We take 2 images (one from each eye) and our brain compares them. It is able to take the different perspectives from our 2 eyes and use it to measure distance.

Next, make your own eyes cross. Notice how you can see 2 of everything and depending on how much you cross your eyes you can change the relative position of the duplicates you see.

Next step, lets do a test. Take 2 identical small objects and place them on a table in front of you a few inches apart. I used pop bottle caps but you can use anything that has a little bit of detail to it.

Stare at one of the objects and cross your eyes (aka make them unfocused). Now play with the focus a bit so that the duplicate of 1 object overlaps with the duplicate of the other object. It’s really funny because immediately the overlapped object will snap into focus and will appear somewhat strange. Like an old fashioned cartoon where there’s an object that’s about to be interacted with.

Now, that overlapping focus trick, that’s what you want to do with the picture. You take the repeating pattern and make it overlap with itself by unrousing your eyes.

These images, appear to be repeating patterns, but there’s actually flaws in the pattern, places where it’s not actually exactly the same as the pattern right next to it. When you slightly unforces your eyes and overlap the pattern our brains see the flaws, the brain then assumes that the flaws are a matter of perspective difference between our 2 eyes. This is what makes the 3d object appear. It’s because our brain is interpreting flaws in the patterns causing different inputs to each eye to be caused by variations in distance. To us, it then appears as if there’s a 3d object inside the picture.

You have to be somewhat careful when unrousing your eyes not to over do it as the pattern’s won’t overlap correctly. If you tilt your head to the side, the patterns won’t overlap correctly. Hell, sometimes even blinking can be enough to snap the focus back to proper and you won’t see the image anymore. It’s somewhat of a balance.

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