Eli5: how do master keys work?

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How is it that one key, different from others, can open the same lock assigned to the different locks?

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Most modern locks are pin tumbler locks. There is a row of pins that gets pushed up by the key. The right key will align the pins with the shear line so that the tumbler can rotate. But the most common master lock systems have wafers in the pin stack. So there are two different positions which will both align with the shear line. That means that two different keys can both unlock the lock.

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