Take the Marshall Plan for example. The US gave 13 billion dollars to European nations to rebuild their cities. But what is meant by 13 billion dollars? Where does the money come from? Is it paid in gold? Do the countries receive the money, then buy resources with the money? What happens when enormous sums of money is lent, and then the lending country inflates or deflates their currency?
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It depends. Most easiest way is to transfer money through wire transfers from one central bank to another. But even with electronic transfers, eventually the currency or assets have to be moved physically so they can actual be used. So the governments themselves might not move assets, but their central banks eventually will.
When money is promised through specific materials or aid, sometimes money is transferred for the recipient to use only for that specific purpose. But that’s always a challenge to monitor and police. So often the giving country (if they have the means) will send the specific materials/assets physically themselves or will purchase them on behalf of the recipient country to be delivered by a third party.
It all depends on the details of the agreement concerning the transfer and other factors of international trade & law.
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