for example if someone with a Japanese name needs to write it using the English alphabet (perhaps for a legal document?) do they get to decide what letters will work best or maybe is there a general system they’ll use to translate it over? this is not limited to my example, I am curious about other languages that use characters as well!
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In general, when translating names from a language that uses characters to one that uses the Latin alphabet (such as English), the translator will usually try to use letters that are as close as possible to the original characters. For example, if the name is written in Japanese, the translator might use “K” for “き” and “M” for “ま”. However, there is no single standard for this, so the translator has some flexibility in how they choose to represent the name in English. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide what letters they prefer, as long as the result is still easily recognizable.
In general, when translating names from a language that uses characters to one that uses the Latin alphabet (such as English), the translator will usually try to use letters that are as close as possible to the original characters. For example, if the name is written in Japanese, the translator might use “K” for “き” and “M” for “ま”. However, there is no single standard for this, so the translator has some flexibility in how they choose to represent the name in English. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide what letters they prefer, as long as the result is still easily recognizable.
Writing the sounds of one language, into the text of another language is called [transliteration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration?useskin=vector). It happens naturally, when people simply write what they hear, when listening to a native speaker use words or names in the original language. There’s also standardized version of it, to ensure the same spelling for the same word. In some languages it’s more common to use standardized versions than in others.
When it happens naturally, before a standard version become popular, you can end up with multiple spellings and pronunciations of the same word. For example, besides the most common “Japan”, the name of the country has been written as Nifon, Nihon, Nippon, and Jippon.
Writing the sounds of one language, into the text of another language is called [transliteration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration?useskin=vector). It happens naturally, when people simply write what they hear, when listening to a native speaker use words or names in the original language. There’s also standardized version of it, to ensure the same spelling for the same word. In some languages it’s more common to use standardized versions than in others.
When it happens naturally, before a standard version become popular, you can end up with multiple spellings and pronunciations of the same word. For example, besides the most common “Japan”, the name of the country has been written as Nifon, Nihon, Nippon, and Jippon.
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