And what causes them to suddenly drop all of that water in the form of rain.
Judging by the amount of rain they must weigh a ton.
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Clouds are ares where there is a high concentration of water vapour. As long as the water stays in a gaseous state, it’s lighter than air and will float. However, once you get enough water vapour into an area, it changes the thermal equilibrium and if any bits of high atmospheric dust disturbs the balance will cause the water vapour will freeze around the it. This makes it into little balls of ice which are heavier than air and thus will fall to the ground. Since the ice is moving from a bunch of atmosphere, it will melt into rain or transition into snow depending of the temperature as it falls.
It’s not really accurate to say that clouds are flat on the bottom? They are regions of water vapour concentration that don’t have defined 3d shapes and don’t have consistent concentrations throughout. That is why individual clouds look so different when we look at them from the ground.
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