Eli5: How do QR codes work? How does little black lines in a square hold data?
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How do these little circles and lines you’re looking at right now (English text) convey information?
Simple: you’ve learned what certain circles and lines mean, and you can string patterns of circles and lines *together* to form words.
It’s the same concept with a QR code: it’s a standard language that QR readers know how to decode. Black and white pixels correspond to binary 0 and 1, depending on whether it’s found on an even or odd row, and then those patterns of 0s and 1s can be looked up in a table to make letters.
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