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The Rubik’s cube is just a bunch of interlocking cube faces attached to a central shape by a pivot. This lets all of the faces rotate around that center axis, meaning that all of the corners and edges can be moved around, while the center squares of each face stay in their positions. They’re pretty easy to take apart and they make a lot of sense once you’ve seen the inside mechanism.
As for solving them, it’s just something you learn. Most people follow a series of repeatable steps called an “algorithm” that can get you to a solved state from any position. For example, I learned to start with the white side, make a white cross, then get the white corners into place, then flipping it over, solving the yellow side (cross first, then corners) and getting the corners in the right places last.
If you want to solve them faster and faster, you learn more complicated algorithms that can solve it quicker – these take much more memorization and experience to do. People with lots of experience can quickly look at a cube, figure out the fastest method to get to a familiar position, and then use their memorized algorithm to finish the solve.
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