I’m not sure what you mean by “how do Rubik’s cubes work”.
Solving a Rubik’s completely on your own is really hard. Most people who can solve one have learned a series of moves. The ways those work is you solve it section by section. So you might do one side or one corner and then build up. If there’s a piece that you need to move somewhere else, then there’s a series of steps you can memorize and follow that will move that one piece without moving the stuff you already solved.
If someone learns the most basic method of solving a Rubik’s cube, they’ll be able to solve it in about 5 minutes. If you’re at a competition, and you’re solving the cube in seconds, then you’re using a different method. If you’re solving it in 5 minutes, you might have to do the same move 3 times to solve one section of the cube. At a competition level, you’ll have memorized a lot more specific moves so that you can move all of those at once. There’s a lot else you’re practicing if you’re solving a Rubik’s cube that fast, but that’s the rough idea.
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