How do you create a thing which is straight, when you don’t have a thing which is straight to create it with?
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There are several ways of making flat things but let me explain one of the coolest and simplest ones. If you start off with two surfaces you can rub them together lapping them so they wear down the high spots of each other. Eventually the two surfaces will match each other perfectly. They will still not be flat, one will be slightly convex and the other slightly concave. But you can add a third surface and do the same. You lap it with the convex surface and it turns concave but then when you lap the two concave surfaces they both end up even closer to flat. Repeat this multiple times lapping the different surfaces to each other and you end up making them more and more flat.
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