The web browser application has a “stack” of pages you’ve visited for each tab. When you click on the back button it sends out a request to the website you visited previously to load the data required to display that page, then it renders it for you to see (along with using preloaded data already on your computer from visiting the site before)
Going down a layer, the operating system receives the input from the mouse, and tells the web browser application that a click was received on the back button.
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