1. Apart from openings, players usually figure out which moves seem the best, relatively to the position or also the previous move.
2. There are things called tactics: with training and experience, it becomes easier to recognize certain patterns and sequence of moves with breaking it down everytime during a game.
3. Otherwise, when you “calculate” moves, its really about “what ifs”. If this x move then what happens next? And you branch out from here. This is obviously very draining and difficult, thats why it takes a lot of time.
This is when training tactics, scenarios, endgames, concepts etc can help you break down and decide which moves are the best without having to go through every scenario. Things like passed pawn, doubled pawns, pins, analyzing square colors, etc
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