It’s called the thermostat. It’s a piece of metal that when heated to a certain temperature(boiling point essentially) a spring contracts, or expands I can’t remember, and acts as a valve essentially, allowing water to flow through the engine, with the assistance of a water pump driven by a belt, through the radiator and the rest of the engine creating a circulatory system of water that helps cool the engine. Combined with air flow over the radiator which water circulates through, especially with the radiator fan pulling air through when the car is not moving. This keeps the engine from overheating by allowing water to pass by and remove excess heat from the engine block.
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