ELI5, How does air pressure affect things inside an airplane or submarine if they are completely enclosed? how can the air particles inside the shell know what the pressure is outside?

Question

ELI5, How does air pressure affect things inside an airplane or submarine if they are completely enclosed? how can the air particles inside the shell know what the pressure is outside?

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Answer 1

Pressure compresses your airplane/submarine a little, the material is never 100% rigid. So it gets a tiny bit smaller and the air inside is also compressed a bit.

But the hull catches most of that force, the pressure inside a submarine is much lower than the pressure outside of it.