ELI5, How does air pressure affect things inside an airplane or submarine if they are completely enclosed? how can the air particles inside the shell know what the pressure is outside?
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Pressure pushes. The outside of a plane is pushed in by outside pressure, and out by inside pressure.
If outside pressure goes up, then either the inside pressure must go up to match or the walls have to make up the difference.
Usually, it’s some combination of the two.
Regardless, the particles inside don’t know what the outside pressure is, but the walls do because they’re exposed to it, and if the inside pressure is adjusted at all to compensate for the outside pressure, *then* stuff inside feels it. In airplanes, the inside pressure is lower too, but in airliners it is not *as* low as outside pressure.
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