It depends on the method. It can be as simple as comparing a photograph, but with some fudge factor for slight difference. Various AI can be used to account for different angles, hair, etc.
The iPhone takes a picture of your face and also scans your face contours in 3D, and then compares that to a stored image. Well, not really a stored image. Your initial registration is converted into a sequence of numbers representing your face, and subsequent scans are converted to numbers using the same algorithm and matched with what is on file.
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