eli5: How does knee injury rehab work?

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It seems like the strategy is to strengthen the quads, hamstrings, glutes and calves (i.e. the major muscle groups around the knee). How does this help with say a meniscus tear?

Further, if you re-injure yourself, your muscles haven’t weakened but the instability returns. Why is this?

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You basically imitating what a knee brace will do by strengthening the surrounding muscles. And then let the body try to heal it. Of course it’s not always successful

So it’s basically a virtual brace. If you exceed the limits of the virtual brace you can injure it again, and so it will take time for it to heal.