There’s a particular sphincter at the end of the stomach called the ~~duodenum~~ edit: pyloric sphincter, which leads to the duodenum. Anything that leaves the stomach (save for vomiting) passes through the duodenum. When the food passes through the duodenum, the pancreas releases sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acid in the stomach, leaving only sodium chloride and bicarbonate salts.
So the answer is that stomach acid stays in the stomach because everything is sprayed with baking soda when it leaves the stomach.
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