Cheap headphones: Radio in one ear connects to your phone, receives signal, transfers sound over cable to the other ear.
Less cheap: Radio in one ear connects to your phone, receives signal, transmits by radio to other ear.
Expensive: Each ear connects to the phone individually, they work out which is which as a pair, and control for latency issues (might be slightly different for each ear, which could cause music to be off between the ears if not corrected).
Bluetooth is just a specific range of radio frequencies, basically the headphones send out a signal that says “I’m ready to connect on frequency X” and your phone finds it by scanning the whole range that bluetooth works in until it finds a device then it just looks at the frequency the headphones are on. Then your phone sends a signal back so the headphones know that they are paired
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