A game cartridge is similar to a usb drive or any other storage device. The game which is a bunch of data and logic is stored on it. When plugged in the console reads the information and executes commands.
CDs are similar/same instead of being like a usb drive the work like a record. Little pits in the the reflective material in the disk spiral around like a record. A laser and light detector detects the pits (either 1or 0). That is data and logic read into the console. (Same as above the consoles executes the commands and uses the information.)
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